Pomeranian
26 Pomeranians in the atlas. Every number on this page has a source.
26 Pomeranians in the Sniff Atlas. Population-genetic snapshot, Mendelian carrier frequencies from Donner 2023, and the data substrate's release version, sample sizes, and evidence tier on every claim.
In the atlas, the Pomeranian clusters consistently as Pomeranian (100% of the 26 dogs here). Genetic diversity is high (mean heterozygosity 0.3689), reflecting either a mixed-breed cluster or breeds with broad genetic backgrounds. At the trait loci, HMGA2 runs lower than average (2% here vs 56%); SMAD2 runs lower than average (23% here vs 74%).
Ranks 98 of 107 on the bottleneck severity scale, among the most genetically diverse breeds in the atlas. Mean heterozygosity is 0.369, notably high, indicates broad genetic background. Low breed predictability score (0.21), individual dogs of this breed vary widely in genetics, suggesting active substructure or sub-population diversity. Only 26 dogs of this breed in the atlas, modestly sampled.
Closest genetic neighbors in the atlas: Keeshond, Chihuahua, Papillon, village dog Peru Puno, and Maltese.
What the genome says about Pomeranian
Computed from the 18,477 research dogs in the Atlas.
- Keeshond2.13
- Chihuahua2.44
- Papillon3.12
- Village Dog Peru Puno4.74
- Maltese5.03
Frequency of the alternate allele in this breed at each locus's representative SNP.
| IGF1 | 97% |
| HMGA2 | 2% |
| SMAD2 | 23% |
| LCORL | 96% |
| STC2 | 97% |
| ADAMTS17 | 44% |
| FGF4·CFA18 | 96% |
| FGF4·CFA12 | 90% |
| RSPO2 | 74% |
| FGF5 | 67% |
| KRT71 | 96% |
| MC1R | 100% |
| MSRB3 | 60% |
| BMP3 | 89% |
| SMOC2 | 42% |
What does the genome say about how a Pomeranian looks?
Pomeranians look the way they do because of a small set of fixed and near-fixed morphology genes that, taken together, define the visible breed. Each translation below pairs the gene with the trait an owner actually sees, the breed's allele frequency at that locus, and a one-clause causal phrase.
Size and build
IGF1 is near-fixed at 97% for the small-body allele, which keeps the breed compact relative to its working-line ancestors.
HMGA2 is at 2%, leaving most of the size signal to other loci in the panel.
SMAD2 is at 23%, leaving the height signal mostly to other size genes.
LCORL is near-fixed at 96%, the NCAPG/LCORL height locus that is one of the strongest single contributors to canine body size.
STC2 is near-fixed at 97%, modulating growth-axis signaling toward the breed's body-size set point.
ADAMTS17 sits at 44%. ADAMTS17 is a body-size locus also linked to lens disorders.
Leg length
The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 18 is near-fixed in this breed at 96%. This is the leg-length variant. The breed is fully committed to the long-legged form rather than the short-legged Corgi-and-Dachshund body plan.
The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 12 is near-fixed at 90%, the chondrodystrophic variant associated with intervertebral disc disease risk in breeds that carry it.
Coat type, length, and color
RSPO2 sits at 74% for the furnishings variant. Furnishings (the eyebrow-and-mustache pattern seen in Schnauzers and Wheaten Terriers) vary across the population at this intermediate frequency, and visible expression depends on the specific allele combination each dog carries.
FGF5 sits at 67% for the long-coat variant. Coat length is influenced by other loci as well, so intermediate FGF5 frequencies do not always correspond to intermediate visible coat lengths.
KRT71 is near-fixed at 96% for the wavy/curly variant. Coat curl phenotype varies across breeds at this fixation depending on modifier loci, and visible expression is not always curled even when the locus is fixed.
MC1R is at 100% at the representative SNP. MC1R controls the switch between red-to-gold and black-to-brown pigment, with the e/e homozygous genotype producing the gold-to-red spectrum by blocking eumelanin (black and brown pigment).
Ears
MSRB3 sits at 60% for the drop-ear allele, which is why ear set varies across the breed.
Skull shape
BMP3 is at 89%, contributing to the breed's brachycephalic skull shape.
SMOC2 sits at 42%, contributing to the breed's moderate head shape.
What genetic diseases do Pomeranians carry?
From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), Pomeranians carry 27 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.
Where every number on this page came from.
This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.
Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are now in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references on gene pages remain pending — they arrive in December 2026 alongside the imputed 9.67M-variant CanVAS dataset via the OMIA SQL dump absorption. Until then, gene IDs carry NCBI Gene and OMIA phene URLs only; the wider human-homolog and disease-ontology cross-reference set fills in with that release.
How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.
We have 26 pomeranians. We do not have yours.
Every pomeranian added sharpens the breed's genetic neighborhood. Enrollment is free. The data stays open. The star is permanent.
- Donner J, Anderson H, Davison S, et al. (2023). Frequency and distribution of 152 genetic disease variants in over 1,000,000 mixed-breed and purebred dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
- Brundage J, et al. (2026). CanVAS: a harmonized canine variant atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
- Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).